Takhtajan (1997) included the Ranunculaceae as the only family in the Ranunculales which he placed in a subclass, the Ranunculidae, instead of a superorder. Other poisonous or toxic compounds, alkaloids and glycosides, are also common. Contact with plant sap may cause inflammation and blistering of the skin, while ingestion can cause irritation of the mouth, vomiting, and diarrhea. Ranunculaceae contain protoanemonin, which is toxic to humans and animals. įollicle: Helleborus niger Phytochemistry Helleborus, Eranthis, Nigella), but a berry in Actaea. The fruits are most commonly free, unfused achenes (e.g. Until recently, it was believed that the species of the genus Anemone also lack nectar. Flowers of the entomophilous genus Papaver, also of the Ranunculales order, produce only pollen. Some members of the genus Thalictrum utilize anemophily while others utilize entomophily. Ficaria verna can reproduce vegetatively by means of root tubers produced in the leaf axils. Many species, especially the perennials form rhizomes that develop new roots each year. They are typically alternate, or occasionally opposite or even whorled. Most species have both basal and cauline (stem) leaves, which are usually compound or lobed but can be simple. In some genera, such as Thalictrum the sepals are colorful and appear petal-like (petaloid) and the petals can be inconspicuous or absent. The outer stamens may be modified to produce only nectar, as in Aquilegia, Helleborus and Delphinium. The sepals, petals, stamens and carpels are all generally free (not fused), the outer flower segments typically number four or five. The flowers are usually radially symmetrical but are also found to be bilaterally symmetrical in the genera Aconitum and Delphinium. Flowers are solitary, but are also found aggregated in cymes, panicles, or spikes. Most members of the family have bisexual flowers which can be showy or inconspicuous. Ranunculaceae are mostly herbaceous annuals or perennials, but some are woody climbers (such as Clematis) or shrubs (e.g. The largest genera are Ranunculus (600 species), Delphinium (365), Thalictrum (330), Clematis (380), and Aconitum (300).ĭescription Floral diagram. Ranunculaceae ( / r ə n ʌ ŋ k j uː ˈ l eɪ s i ˌ aɪ, - s iː ˌ iː/, buttercup or crowfoot family Latin rānunculus "little frog", from rāna "frog") is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide.
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